What is the legal document officially charging someone with a crime called?

The legal document that officially charges someone with a crime is referred to as an "Information." This document is drafted by a prosecutor and outlines the specific charges against an individual. It serves as a formal accusation, providing details about the alleged criminal conduct, the relevant statutes that have been violated, and other pertinent information that establishes the basis for the prosecution.

The Information is essential in criminal proceedings because it informs the defendant of the charges they are facing, allowing them to prepare an adequate defense. This document is typically used in less serious criminal cases, particularly misdemeanors, and can follow a preliminary hearing when a judge determines that enough evidence exists to proceed with charges.

In contrast, a subpoena is a legal order requiring someone to attend a court proceeding or produce documents, while a summons is a document notifying a defendant that they are being sued or are required to appear in court for civil matters. A citation is typically used in traffic violations or minor offenses, and it serves more as a notice to appear in court rather than a formal charge. Understanding the distinction among these terms is crucial for navigating legal terms and procedures effectively.