What are the three basic fingerprint patterns?

The three basic fingerprint patterns are indeed whorl, arch, and loop. Each of these patterns has distinct characteristics that help in the classification and identification of fingerprints.

A whorl pattern is characterized by circular or spiral ridges, with at least two deltas present. It takes the shape of a circular formation, making it easily recognizable.

An arch pattern is created by ridges that enter on one side of the fingerprint and exit on the opposite side. It has no deltas and is considered less common than other patterns. Arches can be further divided into plain arches and tented arches.

The loop pattern is defined by ridges that enter on one side, make a turn, and exit on the same side. Loops can be radial (opening towards the thumb) or ulnar (opening towards the little finger), and they typically have one delta.

These three patterns are fundamental in forensic science and are crucial for identifying individuals since they remain consistent throughout a person's life. Understanding these patterns is essential for the field of fingerprint analysis and criminal investigation.